Control system



Original Filed Oct. 18, 1943 5 Sheets-Sheet 1 March 20, 1951 E. G. BAILEY ET AL 2,546,119

CONTROL SYSTEM 3nmntors ERV-IN G. BAILEY J AND PAUL S. DICKEY 35; f7 mr Gtfomeg Mal'fih ,1951 E. G. BAILEY ET AL 2,546,119

CONTROL SYSTEM Original Filed Oct. 18, 1945 5 Sheets-Sheet 2 57 ,j' AIR FIG. 4 34 59 a v i FUEL G E Zhmentors ERVIN BAIL Y FIG. 3 AND PAUL s DICKEY March 20, 1951 E. G. BAILEY ET AL 2,546,119

CONTROL SYSTEM Original Filed Oct. 18, 1943 5 Sheets-Sheet 5 m 00 I I: g"\

' m 10 T w 9 5 2 LL Inwoutors ERVIN G. BAILEY AND PAUL S. DICKEY March 20, 19

BAILEY ET AL CONTROL SYSTEM 5 Sheets-Sheet 4 Original Filed Oct. 18, 1943 I I I HHHHHHHfl "Den 0 AND PAUL i DECKEY (I w J March 20, 1951 BAlLEY ET AL 2,546,119

CONTROL SYSTEM Original Filed Oct. 18', 1943 5 sheets -sheet 5 FIG. 9

3nnentors ERVIN G. BAILEY AND PAUL S. DICKEY u K O M Patented Mar. 20, 1 951 STATES ATENT OFFICE 'CON-TRQL SYSTEM UNITED Original application fictohcr' 18', 1943',- SerialNo; 506,630. Divided; and this.application-.Decem her 9, 19.46, Se1'ial No. 715,044:

contact with a. second fluid to be heated; and.

more particularly to fluid heaters of the character illustrated and described in which the fluent mass of. heat transfer. material moves downwardly through superposed heating and cooling chambers.

connected by aneck-or throat. of reduced flow,- area.

The generalobject of our invention is the provision of a'method of and apparatus for operating and controlling-fluid heating apparatus .of the character disclosed for. continuously heating the fluid-under pressure at high capacities to a uniform finaltemperature in a range whose upper temperature limit is dependent. only upon. the physical properties, 1 such as the fusing temperature;.of the refractory materials employed, with. little or no contamination of the fluid being. heated by the heating fluid employed and vice versa; without subjecting any-included. metallic partsto-unsafe operating; temperaturesor requiring. sp'ecial corrosion and heat resistant alloys for metal operatingtemperatureszabove 960 F., and witharelatively high overall thermal eiiiciency.

A further object isthe provision of a method and apparatus for automatically controlling. the operation. of such; a. fluid heater to provide con tinuous. uniform leaving; temperature of the heated materialu-nder continuousor varying rates of operation as may be desired.

Another object of our invention is the provision of method and apparatus for safely; operating such a fluid heater at different-rates of operation. Such a system includes. protective. and interlock apparatus sensitive to'emergency or adversecon ditions, ,ioriprotecting not only the heater but to insure against producing a heated fluid of a temperature dangerously above or below the optimum-valuc,

The construction and arrangement of thefluid heater here under consideration. as well as its general. mode of: operation, is disclosed in the ccpending, application of Ervin G. Bailey and Ralph M; Hardgrove, Serial No. 502,580, now Pat ent No. 2%147-306, to which reference may be hadfor a fuller explanation of those features of construction and operation: which are not a part of the present invention.

Our'present invention particularly encompasses: certain preferred: methods of and apparatus forcontrolling the operation of. sucha fluid heater as described in said copending application of Bailey and Hardgrove. The features of novelty. which. characterize our present. invention are pointed: out withparticul'arity in the claims annexed to andforming. apart of this specification. For a. better understanding of the invention, its operating advantages. and specific objects attained by itsuse, reference should. be had. tothe empanying drawings and. descriptive matter inv iioh we have illustrated. and describedpreferred einhodiments of our invention.

Inthe. drawings; I

Fig, l is anielevation, partly in sectionycof a pilot'pl-ant-unit constructed. in accordance with the invention of- Bailey-and-Hardgrove, the structural Supports being omitted forv purposes of clarity;

2 is a plan view of the apparatus shown in Fig. I.

Fig. 3 issa-n enlargedisectional elevation of a.

Fig. Eris anenlarged view of. part of.- the. ap

paratus shown in -.Fig; 3.;

Figs 6 diagrammaticallyillustrates: one control.

system embodiment of; our invention;

Fig; 7 is-a sectionalelevation; partially diagram matiaof apressilre differential responsivedevice. Fig. 82 diagrammatically illustrates a further embodiment ofa. control; system, including. a

showing ofcertain interlocks or protective devices" ofcthe system. 7 Fig. Q-is a diagrammatic view of a three-elementcontrol system.

Figs. 1,2, 3', 4 and. Ssubstantially duplicate figures of the same. numbers in thecopending: Bailey and; lilardgrove application.- In view of;

the reference tmthisnpplication it is not deemed necessary here-to include a-lengthy description.

of the construction and general. mode of operationcfl the. referred to types of fluid heater. While initsloroader aspects our present invention is adaptedafor theuse of liquid and-gaseous.

fluids as theheated and/or heating fluids, the methodandapparatus of our invention areparpension, as thefluid tube-heated to a-hightemperature.

The heating unit illustrated. in the drawingsisconstructedand designed forthe: use. of gas eous heating. and heated fluids. under pressure-,-.

and as shown comprises as its main part an upper heating chamber 10 normally partly filled i with a downwardly moving fluent mass of refractory heat transfer material M to be heated by high temperature gases while passing therethrough. There is shown a connected subjacent heat absorbing or reaction chamber H arranged to receive, and normally substantially completely filled with, heated refractory material I! from the upper chamber and in which the heated re-- fractory material is utilized for heating a second fluid, in the present embodiment a gaseous fluid, to a predetermined temperature. An elevator I2 is provided receiving the cooled refractory material from the lower chamber H, returning it to the upper part of the upper chamber l0, and a control system providing automatic control means for regulating operating conditions in the system.

.An annular combustion chamber 2| is provided having an annular passage 28 comprising an outlet from the combustion chamber for the heated products of combustion to the fluent mass of material Hi. While various fuels can be burned in the combustion chamber 21 to provide the desired supply of high temperature gases, or flue gases from other apparatus introduced as a source of heat, a gaseous fuel is used in the embodiment illustrated. Tangential burners are arranged in diametrically opposite parts of the combustion chamber wall. An air supply connection 34 and a fuel supply 38 provide the elements of combustion to the burners. A valve controlled supply pipe 40 permits additional combustion air or recirculated flue gas to be supplied in variable amounts for tempering the heating gases generated.

The circular cross-section of the upper chamber I is progressively decreased to the upper end of a neck or throat passage 42 connecting the chambers In and II. The lower or heat absorbing chamber II is of substantially uniform circular horizontal cross-section having near its lower end a valve controlled fluid inlet 52. A gaseous fluid outlet 54 is formed in the upper part of the chamber Ii above the normal level of the fluent mass of material therein. The discharge of refractory material from the chamber II is controlled by an adjustable inclined gate 51 at the entrance of a variable speed fluid sealing material discharge device, such as a multi-pocket rotary feeder 59 driven by a variable speed electric motor 60 through a speed reducer 6|, as shown in Figs. 1 and 5. The fluent mass of material preferably moved at a relatively uniform rate downwardly through the chamber 10, the throat 42, and the chamber ll, is desirably a high refractory material formed in pellets of approximately one-half inch in diameter.

The feeder .59 empties into the lower inlet of an elevator l2 returning the pellets to the upper inlet pipe 20 of the chamber [0. Speed of the buckets 61 may be controlled by varying the speed of the driving electric motor 68 or through variation of a gear reduction between the two.

In the normal operation of the apparatus described the chambers l0 and l I and throat 42 are filled with refractory pellets of the desired size and shape to approximately the levels indicated in Fig. 3. The fluent mass of pellets moves continuously downward through the upper chamber, throat, and lower chamber in series, at a relatively slow rate controlled by the position of the gate 51 and the speed of the feeder 59. The desired shape of these chambers and throat causes all portions of the pellet column to move downwardly continuously as long as the feeder is in operation. Fuel is flred in the combustion chamber 2! and the heating gases generated flow through the annular inlet 28 into the lower part of the upper chamber Ill, passing upwardly through the interstices in the fluent mass in intimate counter-flow contact with the descending pellets, whereby the pellets are efficiently heated to a high temperature and the gases leave through the heating gas outlet I8 at a relatively low temperature. The highly heated pellets move downwardly in a column through the throat 42 into the lower chamber II. The gaseous fluid to be heated, such as air, steam, naptha, etc., is introduced into the chamber l I through the conduit 52 under a predetermined pressure, passing upwardly through the interstices between the descending pellets in the chamber H where it is heated in counterflow heat transfer, and passes out at the desired temperature through the outlet 54. The pellets discharge through the feeder 59, are elevated by the elevator l2, and reenter the chamber I!) through the opening 20.

The relative pressure in the chambers Ill and II, as well as the flow between the chambers Ill and I I, or lack of flow, is controlled by provisions disclosed in the said Bailey and Hardgrove application.

As diagrammatically illustrated in Fig. 6, the control system may include a differential pressure control responsive to the pressure differential at vertically spaced points in or at opposite sides of the throat 42 for regulating the exit of gaseous fluid from the upper or lower chamber to establish the desired relation between the pressure conditions in the two chambers. Damper regulation of the heating gas outflow from the upper chamber is ordinarily preferred, because of the lower temperature conditions at that point. Differential pressure control apparatus diagrammatically illustrated comprises a transmitter responsive to the pressure differential between the lower part of the upper chamber Ii) and the fluid space at the top of the lower chamber II, and a receiver recorder-controller 82. An air loading pressure is established by the controller 82 representative of the pressure differential and is transmitted to a standardizing relay 83, which establishes a control pressure then transmitted to a selector valve 84 and thence to a servo-motor arranged to operate a damper IS in the heating gas outlet 58.

The arrangement is such that upon a departure of the pressure differential from the desired value an immediate and proportional change takes place in the position of the damper l9 in a direction tending to restore the pressure condition in the upper chamber to the desired relative value. Thereafter the standardizing relay operates to gradually position the damper I9 until the pressure in the upper chamber reaches the pre-- determined desired value. The standardizing relay 83 is of a type described and claimed in Patent 2,098,914 to Harvard H. Gorrie, while the selector valve 84 is described and claimed in Patent 2,202,485 to E. W. Fitch. The selector valve provides a convenient means for transferring operation of the damper I9 from automatic to manual control if that is desired in starting up or on shutting down the unit.

In Fig. 7 we illustrate the device 80 to larger scale. A particular problem presents itself in measuring or obtaining response to the pressure differential across the throat 42 in that while a rro 55 the fluid in" the" chamber- I is usually a substan tially'dry flue gasthefluidwithinthe-chamber f ll may" be arcondensable-- vapor or gas; such for ex ample assteam; naptha; or thelike. Thus par ticular precautions must be taken in the design; construction and installation of the pressure differential responsive device 80' to prevent the possibilityof error of measurement caused by falsepressure-heads producedby condensed vapor in the pipingbetween" the point of connection? to the chamber Il and possibly in thedevice 80' itselfi Preferably thedevice 80 is" located at or above the elevation of the pipe-1 0' l connecting it; tothe' chamber Hi The device" 80 is enclosed-' witha housing 203: capable of withstanding; pressures of" the order. of fifty inchesof water; although of course the device may readily be constructed to withstand higher pressures.- Within thecasing 203, and sealed thereto, metallic bellows2M dividing-the interior of the housingflfleinto two-chambers 205 and 2fl61 The: pipe 200connectsthechamber l Owiththe chamber-206, while the pipe 2M connects the cham ber H with the-chamber 2-05.-

Positioned byand with the bellows 204 is an extension arm carrying at its upper end a. magnetic core piece 208- positionable relative to coil windings 209, 210' and 2| I The core 298.

andwindings 1119 210, 2H- cooperate' toform-the transmitter-ofa telemetric system, such-as is described and claimed in the copending application-ofAnthony Hornfeck, Serial No. 453,488, now Patent No. 2-,420g5'39; While we have shown the windingsonly diagrammatically, it will be: appreciated" that they would probably: be con structed in' the form of 'concentric or end-tc-end: cylinders surrounding the core'piece 208. The pressure differential across the connections. 200. and" 2M is balanced byaspring 2i2, which is initiallyunder slight tensionand therefore able to" move in tension or compression and allow the instrument to work in-either direction from a: neutral" orbalanced condition,- namely, zero diiferential" pressure relative to the atmosphere. Inother words, the instrument is responsive to a. plus' or minus pressure-differential between the: chambers l0 and H, the recording pen of the instrument"tzhasits-zero part way up on the chart" and thus will-indicate whether or not'the pressure in the throat M'i'sbalanced, or whether there is a slight flow upwardlyor" downwardly from. one. chamber to the other.

In Fig. 6" we illustrate one embodiment of our' inventionincluding'a constant flow controlof the: fuel. fired to: the" combustion chamber Z I with the standard'ofthe constant flow control estab-'- lished by. temperature of'the vapor leaving the chamber H through the conduit 5'4. The prim cipal purpose of the control is to maintain vapor outlet temperature at apredetermined value, returningit:to---such-value upon departure therefrom.

Located in the supply pipe38=is a regulating valve, 2' l 3 by'which the 'fuelflow to the furnace 21 maybevaried. Normally the rate of 1applica-- tionv of fuel is" automatically maintained constantby' means of a constant flow control com-' prising an' orifice" ZHI disposed in the pipe 38 a differential pressureresponsive-device 2i5 re'-: sponsive' to the differential pressureproduced by theorificeZM, and a" pneumatic pilot valve-gen erallyind-icatedat 2l6'; w-hich-is actuated by the responsive device 2l5 and acts to establish an air 1oading=pressure for positioning the va1ve2 l 3;

is. an expansibl'e--contractible L outlet port 2l9 will decrease.

6': Thepilot valve- 216 may be of thetype illustrated i and described in Patent 2,035.4;464 to c1ar-= ence Johnson; and comprises astationary valve:

body HT and a relatively movable valve member H8. The valve body 2H is provided with a" centrally" located inlet port which may" be con-- nected with any suitablesource of'airunder pres--- sure. The air entering the pilot valve passes into albngitudinally located passageway past suitable-lands secured" to the-valve member 218 and is exhausted to theatmosphere. The valve body 211 is also provided with an outletport 2-1-9; the pressure in which will be determined 'by the-posi'tion of thelower'land 0n the movable valve member 2l8. As the valve" member 2 18 movesdownwardly thepressure established in the outlet port 2 l 9 a will proportionately increase and" conversely as' the movable valve member 218 moves upwardly th pressure established the? The pressure so establish-edin the outletport is transmitted to a pressure sensitive-servo-motor 2-20' for operating the valve-'21 3'. Assuming, by way of'example; that the flow of fuel through the pipe 38 increases, themovable'valve-member 2l8 will be moved upwardly, thereby decreasing the loadingpressure in the outlet port 2l9} and serving to positionthe valve- 2P3 in a closing direction; thereby tending to-return the-flow of fuel tothe' desired rate; At decrease in fuel flow will serveto position the valve member 218 downwardly; thereby increasing the loadingpressure effective on the servo-motor 220 positioning valve H3 in" an opening direction and again serv-ing to return the flow of fuel to the desiredvalue.

The movable valve member 218' is also arranged to be positioned by acam 22l, which serves to establish the desired rate of fuel flow thereafter maintainedby the constant flow con-- In accordancewith our invention the cam- 22%- is automatically positioned'by means respon sive to the temperature of the vapor leaving the chamber II through theconduit E l-tomaintain the temperature of the leaving vapor at a predetermined or desired' value. The constant flow control serves the purpose of correcting for changes'inthe rate of fuel flow; due to" varia.- tions in fuel pressure, etc. before such changes cause undesirable changes in the temperature" of the-vapor leaving the chamber H. In general, it maybe said that the temperature responsive apparatus acts to set the control point or standard-of the flow control, and thereafter the flowcontrol operates to maintain the actual rate? of fuel. flowat the control. pointv or standard.

The cam 2.2.! is: positioned by a capacitor-run: alternating current motor. 222 having awound rotor'and stator windings2'23 and.224, the latter constituting running coils electrically. ninety degreesapart. The motor is provided-withacapas citor. or condenser. 225, which, whenthe motor is' rotating is in series with either the winding: 2 2.3 or the winding 22:4,.dependingruponthe de sireddirection'of rotation. Such a motor runs as a two-phase alternating current motor; and? notlonly may be reversed as to :direction of rotation, but is susceptible of speedcontrol whenrotating in either direction. While. inthe present" description we have :not complicatedi'the drawings by showing the: circuit. arrangement necessary for. such speedtcontrol, itlwill'be appreciated that. suchis possible. The-circuit. in general is'dis+ closed and: claimed. in the copending application of Raymond D. Junkins, Serial.No'..506,634,-n0w abandoned."-

For electrical control of the motor 222' we provide an alternating current Wheatstone bridge generally indicated at 226 and having as arms the resistance 22? and adjustable resistances 228, 229 and 230. The resistance 22? is diagrammatically shown as located in a well or socket in the conduit 58 and has an electrical resistance value varying with temperature of the vapor or fluid leaving the chamber ll through the conduit 54.

Thus the resistance 22? constitutes a variable resistance representative of temperature and 1 forming one arm of the bridge 225. Hand adjustable resistances 228 and 2253 provide means for calibrating and adjusting the circuit including the alternating current Wheatstone bridge.

The hand adjustable resistance 23%) including an indicating scale-23E, provides a ready means for establishing the temperature standard (of the vapor outflow) which the system is to maintain.

- Variations in electrical resistance of the element 22! (produced by variations in temperature of the vapor outflow) results in an unbalance of the bridge 226 as to polarity or phase of the current in the conjugate conductor 232, with respect to the polarity or phase of the current produced by the source 233. We employ this change in polarity or phase, through an amplifier 237, to selectively operate the motor 222 in one direction or the other to vary the position of the L cam 22!.

. We have shown the mechanical connection between the motor 222 and cam 22l diagrammatically, it being understood that suitable reducing gears, etc. may be employed so that the cam 22l is normally positioned between suitable angular limits of less than 360 over the operating range of the control apparatus. When the temperature of the outflowing vapor (as reflected by the resistance value 22?) is at the desired value then the cam 22E will be in predetermined position and the system in equilibrium.

Should the rate of supply of fuel through the conduit 38 vary for any reason, such for example as variations in supply pressure, then the pressure differential responsive device2l5 will position the pilot stem 2l8 to slightly increase or decrease the opening of thecontrol valve 2E3, thereby correcting the rate of supply of fuel to the flow rate value which is desirably to be maintained constant. This for any fixed position of the cam 22E representative of a predetermined temperature of the vapor outflow past the resistance 22?.

. Should the vapor outflow temperature vary in a one direction or the other from the desired standard (assuming that the rate of supply of fuel has remained constant) then the consequent variation in resistance 22?, and unbalance of the bridge 226 thereby, will result in the motor 222 positioning the cam 22! to slightly raise or lower the pilot stem 2 l8 and control the valve 2 iii to correct the rate of fuel supply to overcome the deviation of vapor outflow temperature from desired temperature value.

The system described provides a "floating control or effect characterized by the fact that whenever the actual temperature is other than that desired the rate of application of the corrective agent (fuel) is varied in direction tending to restore the temperature to the desired value. Thus the system will not tend to stabilize out at some vapor outflow temperature other than the desired temperature.

In general the control system provides a constant flow-control of' the fuel fired to the conibustion chamber 2!, reset from vapor outflow temperature, to maintain vapor outflow temperature at a predetermined value. The embodiment described in connection with Fig. 6 provides for a very speedy response in heat input to the pellets following any leviation in fuel supply rate or any deviation of vapor outflow temperature from de- Y sired temperature through any cause whatsoever.

In Fig. 8 we illustrate another embodiment of our invention, which in general utilizes vapor outflow temperature as a controlling factor for simultaneous control of the rate of supply of fuel to the combustion space 2| and of the rate of circulation or" the pellets through a control of the speed of the pellet feeder 59. As we have previously pointed out, the temperature of the vapor leaving the chamber H may be varied either by varying the firing and thereby the temperature to which the pellets are heated, or by .varying the speed of circulation of the pellets from the chamber Hi to and through the chamber l I and thereby the rate of heat transfer from the pellets to the vapor passing through the chamher i i. In order that a check may be kept upon the temperature to which the pellets themselves are raised, we provide means sensitive to the temperature of the pellets for resetting the control valve in the fuel gas supply line.

The resistance thermometer, including the temperature sensitive element 221, is similar to that described in connection with Fig. 6 wherein departures of vapor outflow temperature from predetermined optimum temperature effect a rotation of the motor 222 in one direction or the other. The motor 222 mechanically positions one end of a floating link 239 through necessary gear or linkage reduction. The motor 222 also is connected to position the movable element of a motor control rheostat 246 regulating the speed of the motor which drives the feeder 59. It is apparent that the motor 222 might equally as well be connected to vary the actuation of the speed reducer 5i between the motor 62 and the feeder Thus it will be seen that the motor 222, sensitive to temperature of the vapor outflow through the conduit 54, is simultaneously effective in varying the rate of feed of the pellets out of the chamber i and upon the control valve 2 i 3 for the fuel supply to the combustion chamber 2!.

We provide a radiation pyrorneter having a temperature sensitive element 2M arranged to look at the pellets in the throat 22. We believe that this is a logical place to obtain pellet temperature, although we might desire to arrange the radiation element 2 to look at the pellets at some point in the chamber it above the throat 42 or at some point in the chamber ll below the throat 42 without limiting the scope of our invention.

For positioning the other end of the floating link 23% we provide a motor 242 having opposed pole windings 243 and 244 controlled by differentially regulating the reactance of a circuit in which they are included. Connected in circuit with the pole winding 243 is a condenser 245 and the output winding 28E; of a saturable core reactor 24?. Connected in circuit With the pole winding 244 is a condenser 248 and the output winding 2 39 of a saturable core reactor 250. The reactor 22! is provided with a control winding 25! and a separately excited adjustable bias winding 252. The reactor 25!] is similarly provided with a control winding 253 and a bias winding 25 connected in parallel with the bias winding 252.

The control windings 25I and .253 are connected in series to the device a 24 I which produces #a .potential corresponding .to the temperature o'fthepellets. While we have shown the .photoelectric device .24-I as comprising aphotovoltaic cell disposed to look at the pellets within the throat and producing a potential correspond- .ing to the radiation emanating therefrom, it is evident that equivalent means such as a thermocouple or thermoejpile could be employed. The particular arrangement and functioning of the circuit utilizing said potential in control of the motor 242 is described and claimed in Patent 2,310,955 to Hornfeck.

hiparticular advantage of using the radiation type .pyrometer, which we have described, is that it will have a considerably greater life than any thermocouple or resistance thermometer or other temperature sensitive e ement which might be of necessity inserted directly into "the moving column of pe lets. The temperature is extremely hi h and the abrasive action of :re'fractory'pellets presents a very serious problem.

'In F g. 8 we have also i l strated sohematica lv "a combination of interlocks which we have felt it'advisable to provide in the operat on of this type of heater in connection with the control which we have invented.

1. Should the feeder 59 stop, with consequent stoppage of ci culation of the pellets throu h "the chambers I and II, 'itis desirable that the heating be discontinued.

'2. Should the supply of vapor to the chamber "II 'be interrupted. then the heating should be diminished or discontinued and the feeder stopped.

3. Should the pressure of the air supplied for combustion decrease below a predetermined minimum then the heating should be discontinued.

'4. "Should the elevator stop, and thus the circulation of pellets be interrupted, the heating should be discontinued and the feeder stopped.

"5. If the pellet temperature, as measured by the radiation pyrometer. reaches an upper limit, then the heating should be discontinued.

A practical way of discontinuing the heating "is, of course, to shut as the supply of fuel through the conduit 38 to the combustion chamber 2|. We therefore show positioned in the fuel line 38 a solenoid actuated valve 255 adapted to shut off the supply of fuel to the furnace when the solenoid is deenergized.

In the control circuit of the feeder motor 60 We illustrate a relay 255 adapted. to become de- ='ener'gized and thus open a circuit when the motor 60 is not receiving running current. In the motor circuit of the elevator motor We illustrate a solenoid 25'; arranged to be deenergized and thus open a circuit when the elevator motor {is notreceiving running current. Connected to the air supply pipe 34 we illustrate a Bourdon tube 258 sensitive to pressure of the air and for mechanically actuating a mercury switch 259 to open the circuit of said mercury switch when the air pressure decreases below a certain value. We have indicated in connection with the vapor supply conduit 52 a butterfly type flow indicator 250 adapted to break an electric circuit, through a mercury switch 25I, when flow of vapor through the conduit 52 decreases below a. predetermined minimum. We illustrate the motor 242, positioned responsive to the radiation pyrometer, being adapted to actuate a mercur y switch 262 to open an electric circuit when .38. 259 or 262 is arranged to open the circuit of the solenoid valve 255 and cause that valve to the temperature of the pellets reaches a predetermined high value.

In Fig. 8 we have shown the system in a nonoperating condition with the hand actuated switches 216 and 211 open, the solenoid valve 255 deenergized and closed, and no flow of liquid entering through the conduit 52. The relay 2'15 -is 'deenergized and open circuited. The relays 256 and 251 are deenergized and open circuited. Pressure of the air for combustion is below a predetermined minimum so that the mercury switch '259 is open circuited. The mercury switches 26I and 262 are both shown in open circuited condition.

In general, the solenoid valve 255 is normally energized from a source of power 263 and held open for free flow of fuel through the conduit Any one of the safety devices 26I, 256, 251,

close on the supply of fuel to the furnace. Thus under any one of the predetermined emergency operating conditions the heating, as represented by the supply of fuel to the furnace, will be discontinued and avoid a dangerous temperature condition within the chambers I Ii or II or the throat 42.

Under certain conditions it is desirable to 'stop the pellet feeder 59 and we have therefore included a relay 215 in the control circuit of the motor 80. Under normal operating conditions the circuit closer of the relay "215 is at closed circuit position. In the event of emergency condition then the relay 215 becomes deenergized and the motor control circuit for the motor 60 is opened. In order that the motor 60 may be started by hand we provide a "switch 2T6 by-passing the relay contact 275.

At 211 we provide a hand switch for holding open the solenoid valve 255 in the fuel supply line so that the system may be started by initiating combustion in the chamber 2|.

In Fig. 9 we illustrate a three-element type of control arrangement wherein rate of fuel supply is balanced against rate of supply of "the fluid entering the chamber -I I to be heated. Such relationship is readjusted or modified, if necessary,

in accordance with the temperature of the fluid leaving the chamber I I after it has been heated.

A differential pressure responsive device 278, similar to the device 215 of Fig. 6, is arranged to position the pilot valve 219 to establish a loading pressure representative of the rate of supply of "fuel to the combustion chamber 2I. In similar manner a differential pressure responsive device 280 establishes a loading pressure representative of the rate of supply of fluid to the chamber II through the conduit 52.

ture of the fluid leaving thechamb'er "I I through the conduit 54. The pilot 284 is positioned by a motor 285 under'the control of an electrical network includinga thermocouple 286. The thermocouple circuit for control of the motor 285 may be a known potentiometric and amplifying circuit.

From the standardizing relay 283 the loading pressure is e'fiective (through a selector valve 11 28'!) in positioning a control valve 288 regulating the rate of supply of fuel to the combustion chamber 2|. 7

In general, the system illustrated in Fig. 9 balances the rate of supply of fuel (for h ating the pellets in the chamber 10) against the rate of supply of fluid to be heated entering the chamber l 1 through the conduit 52. If the B. t. u. value'of the fuel, the temperature of the fluid entering through the conduit 52, and other variables remain constant, then the rate of supply of fuel proportioned to the rate of supply of fluid to be heated could adequately regulate the valve 288.

The tie-back, or third element, in the system is the use of the final result, namely, temperature of the fluid after it has been heated in the chamber l l By modifying the control of the valve 288 from this fluid outlet temperature we incorporate in the control of the valve 288 any modification which is necessary to satisfy variables in the operation of the system.

While in the arrangement of Figs. 6 and 8 we have illustrated the temperature element 22'! as a resistance type it will be appreciated that this might equally as well be the thermocouple type illustrated at 286 of Fig. 9. The choice as between resistance element or thermocouple (with the necessary circuit arrangement in connection therewith) depends to a great extent upon the temperature range expected.

While we have illustrated and described certain preferred embodiments of our invention, it will be understood that these are illustrative only and that the salient-features of the invention may be carried out in other manner and with other apparatus than those specifically described. This application constitutes a division of our copending application S. N. 506,630 filed October 18, 1943, now Patent No. 2,417,049 reissued as Re. 23,087.

' What we claim as new, and desire to secure by Letters Patent of the United States, is:

1. The combination with a fluid heater having an upper chamber enclosing a fluent mass of solid material, a lower chamber enclosing a fluent mass of solid material, a passage forming a throat between said upper and lower chambers and enclosing a column of fluent solid material connecting said masses, means external of said chambers and throat arranged to return solid material from an exit in the lower chamber to an inlet to the upper chamber, a fuel supply means for heating the solid material in the upper chamber, a supply of fluid to be heated passing through the lower chamber in direct contact with the heated solid material therein, constant flow rate means adapted to maintain the fuel supply rate constant, and means responsive to temperature of the heated fluid leaving the lower chamber adapted to establish the rate of fuel supply to which the constant rate means controls.

2. The combination with a fluid heater having an upper chamber enclosing a fluent mass of solid material, a lower chamber enclosing a fluent mass of solid material, a passage forming a throat between said upper and lower chambers and enclosing a fluent mass of solid material connecting said material masses, means producing a substantially continuous downward flow of the material through the upper chamber, throat and lower chamber, a fuel supply means for heating the material in the upper chamber, a supply of fluid to be heated passed through the lower chamber in direct contact with the heated material therein, means measuring the rate of supply of fuel, means measuring the rate of supply of fluid to be heated, and means conjointly responsive to said measuring means adapted to control the rate of supply of fuel.

3. The combination of claim 2 including, means responsive to temperature of the heated fluid leaving the lower chamber adapted to modify the control of the rate of supply of fuel.

4. The combination with a fluid heater havin an up er chamber enclosing a fluent mass of solid material, a lower chamber enclosing a fluent mass of solid mat rial, a pas age forming a throat b tween said upper and lower chambers and enclosing a flu nt ma s of solid material connecting said material beds, means producing a substantially continuous downward movement of t e pellets through the upper chamber. throat and lower chamber, means for supplying a heating medium to the upper chamber, a supply of fluid to be heated passed through the lower chamber in direct contact with the heated material therein, means measuring the rate of supply of heating medium, means measuring the rate of supply of fluid to be heated, means det rmining the temperature of the fluid leaving the lower chamber, and control means conjointly sensitive to said measuring means and determining means and adapted to control the rate of supply of the heating medium.

5. The combination with a fluid heater havin: an upper chamber enclosing a fluent mass of refractory pellets, a lower chamber enclosing a fluent mass of refractory pellets, a passage forming a throat between said upper and lower chambers and enclosing a fluent mass of refractory pellets'connecting said pellet masses, means producing a substantially continuous downward movement of the pellets through the upper chamber, throat and lower chamber, ineans for supplying a heating medium to the upper chamber, a supply of fluid to be heated passed through the lower chamber in direct contact with the heated pellets therein, means measuring the rate of supply of heating medium, means measuring the rate of supply of fluid to be heated, means establishin a fluid loading pressure continuously representative of the relation between said rates, means establishing a fluid loading pressure continuously representative of the temperature of the fluid after it has been heated in the lower chamber, and means regulating the supply of heating medium responsive to both said loading pressures.

6. The combination with a fluid heater having an upper chamber enclosing a fluent mass of solid material, a lower chamber enclosing a fluent mass of solid material, a passage forming a throat between said upper and lower cham bers and enclosing a fluent mass of solid material connecting said material masses, means producing a subtantially continuous downward flow of the material through the upper eha1nber, throat and lower chamber, heating medium supply means for heating the material in the upper chamber, a supply of fluid to be heated passed through the lower chamber in direct contact with the heated material therein, means responsive to variations in the rate of supply of heating medium arranged to so control the said rate of supply to prevent variations from a standard rate, and means responsive to variations in the temperature of the heated fluid leaving the 13 lower chamber adapted to establish the value of the said standard rate.

7. The combination with a fluid heater having an upper chamber enclosing a fluent mass or" solid material, a lower chamber enclosing a fluent mass of solid material, a passage forming a throat between said upper and lower chambers and enclosing a fluent mass of solid material connecting said material masses, means producing a substantially continuous downward flow of the material through the upper chamher, throat and lower chamber, a heating medium supply means for heating the material in the upper chamber, a supply of fluid to be heated passed through the lower chamber in direct contact with the heated material therein, means establishing a fluid loading pressure representative of rate of supply of heating medium, means responsive to deviations in temperature of the heated fluid leaving the lower chamber from a preselected value for modifying said loading pressure, and control means sensitive to the modified loading pressure adapted to control the rate of supply of heating medium.

8. The combination with a fluid heater having an upper chamber enclosing a fluent mass of solid material, a lower chamber enclosing a fluent mass of solid material, a passage forming a throat between said upper and lower chambers and enclosing a fluent mass of solid material connecting said material masses, means producing a substantially continuous downward flow of the material through the upper chamber, throat and lower chamber, a fuel supply means for heating the material in the upper chamber, a supply of fluid to be heated passed through the lower chamber in direct contact with the heated material therein, means measuring the rate of supply of the fluid to be heated, means measuring the temperature of the fluid after it has been heated, and means conjointly responsive to said measuring means adapted to control the rate of supply of fuel.

9. The method of operating apparatus having an upper chamber enclosing a fluent mass of solid material, a lower chamber enclosing a fluent mass of solid material, and a throat of reduced cross-section connecting the upper and lower chambers and enclosing a fluent mass of the solid material connecting the upper and lower chamber masses; which includes maintaining a substantially continuous movement of solid material downwardly through the upper chamber, throat and lower chamber, continuously supplying a heating medium to the upper chamber in direct contact with the solid material therein, continuously supplying a fluid to be heated to the lower chamber in direct contact with the solid material therein, continuously measuring the rate of supply of the heating medium, continuously measuring the rate of supply of the fluid to be heated, continuously measuring the tem perature of the fluid after it has been heated in the lower chamber, and controlling the rate of supply of the heating mediumin accordance with the combined effects of the two rates of supply and the temperature.

ERVIN G. BAILEY. PAUL S. DICKEY.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 2,301,898 Luhrs Nov. 10, 1942 2,332 868 Nowak Oct. 26, 1943 2,379,457 Ricker July 3, 1945 2,417,049 Bailey et a1 Mar. 11, 1947 2,447,306 Bailey et a1 Aug. 17, 1948 

